Role of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in diabetic kidney disease and research progress of traditional Chinese medicine intervention / 中国中药杂志

Diabetic kidney disease is an important microvascular complication of diabetes and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Its pathological characteristics mainly include epithelial mesenchymal transition(EMT) in glomerulus, podocyte apoptosis and autophagy, and damage of glomerular filtration barrier. Transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β)/Smad signaling pathway is specifically regulated by a variety of mechanisms, and is a classic pathway involved in physiological activities such as apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. At present, many studies have found that TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway plays a key role in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. Traditional Chinese medicine has significant advantages in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease for its multi-component, multi-target and multi-pathway characteristics, and some traditional Chinese medicine extracts, traditional Chinese medicines and traditional Chinese medicine compound prescription improve the renal injury of diabetic kidney disease by regulating TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. This study clarified the mechanism of TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in diabetic kidney disease by expounding the relationship between the key targets of the pathway and diabetic kidney disease, and summarized the research progress of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of diabetic kidney disease by interfering with TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway in recent years, to provide reference for drug research and clinical treatment of diabetic kidney disease in the future.

Effect of Hedysarum Polysaccharides on Bcl-2/Caspase-3 Signaling Pathway of Schwann Cells Cultured in High Glucose / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the effects of Hedysarum polysaccharides（HPS）on the signaling pathways of B-cell lymphoma 2 （Bcl-2）， cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease 3 （Caspase-3）， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） in Schwann cells（SCs）cultured in high glucose，and explore the possible mechanism of HPS against diabetic peripheral neuropathy（DPN）. MethodFour SD suckling mice aged 5-7 days were randomly divided into a normal group，a high-glucose group，an HPS + high-glucose group，and an α-lipoic acid（α-LA）+ high-glucose group. SCs were extracted from the sciatic nerve and cultured in a 37 ℃，5% CO2 incubator. After the cells reached 80% confluence，Cell Counting Kit-8（CCK-8）was used to screen the experimental concentrations suitable for high glucose，HPS， and α-LA interventions. Western blot and Real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression of Bcl-2，Bax，and Caspase-3. The apoptosis rate of SCs was detected by flow cytometry using Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate （FITC）/propidium iodide （PI）. ResultAs revealed by Western blot and real-time PCR，compared with the normal group，the high-glucose group showed reduced protein and mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and increased protein and mRNA expression of Bax and Caspase-3（P<0.01）. Compared with the high-glucose group，the HPS + high-glucose group and the α-LA + high-glucose group showed increased protein and mRNA expression of Bcl-2 and decreased protein and mRNA expression of Bax and Caspase-3（P<0.01）. As displayed by the results of flow cytometry using Annexin V/PI， compared with the normal group，the high-glucose group showed increased apoptosis rate；compared with the high-glucose group，the HPS + high-glucose group and the α-LA + high-glucose group showed reduced apoptosis rate（P<0.01）. ConclusionHPS can alleviate the apoptotic response of SCs，and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the activation of the Bcl-2/Caspase-3 signaling pathway.

Isolation, physicochemical properties and immunomodulating effects of polysaccharides from Sophorae Flavescentis Radix / 国际药学研究杂志

Objective To investigate the physicochemical properties and immunomodulatory activities of crude polysaccharides and their fractions from Sophorae Flavescentis Radix. Methods The crude polysaccharide (SFP-100) was obtained successively by boiling Sophorae Flavescentis Radix in water, ethanol precipitating, dialyzing and freeze drying. SFP-100 was separated withDEAE-cellulose column to obtain three fractions, and these fractions were fruther separated with Sephadex G-100 column to obtain their sub-fractions. The sugar content was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method, the molecular distribution was determined with gel filtration chromatography, and the monosaccharide composition was analyzed with capillary electrophoresis after PMP derivatization. The immunobiological activities were estimated by measuring the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes as well as the IFN-secretion in mouse splenocytes and the TNF-α secretion in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Results The yield of SFP-100 from Sophorae Flavescentis Radix was 4.83％ and sugar content was 71.62％. SFP-100 was separated into three fractions SFP-100-A, SFP-100-B and SFP-100-C, whose yields were 3.5％, 25.6％ and 16.7％, and the sugar content was 85.99％, 72.09％ and 24.30％, respectively.The monosaccharide composition and their molar ratio for SFP-100-A, SFP-100-B and SFP-100-C were Ara∶Glc∶Gal=7.16∶91.02∶1.82, Xyl∶Ara∶Glc∶Rha∶Gal∶GalA=0.05∶1.00∶0.85∶0.04∶0.35∶0.43, and Xyl∶Ara∶Glc∶Rha∶Gal∶GlcA∶GalA=0.20∶1.00∶0.33∶0.36∶0.45∶0.55∶14.37, respectively. SFP-100-B was further separated into two sub-fractions SFP-100-B-a and SFP-100-B-b with Sephadex G-100, and the other two sub-fractions SFP-100-C-a and SFP-100-C-b were also obtained with the same Sephadex G-100 from SFP-100-C. SFP-100-B-a showed a main wide peak, which had the relative molecular weight 1.02×105 and monosaccharide composition Ara∶Glc∶Rha∶Gal = 1.00∶0.06∶0.02∶0.29. Meanwhile, the relative molecular weight and monosaccharide composition were 5.43×104 and Xyl∶Glc =1.00∶3.81 for the main peak of SFP-100-C-a, and 2.75×104 and Ara∶Glc∶Rha∶Gal∶GlcA∶GalA=1.00∶2.10∶0.57∶0.74∶1.09∶33.75 for the main peak of SFP-100-C-b, respectively. The crude polysaccharides SFP-100 and its fractions, SFP-100-B and SFP-100-C, as well as the sub-fractions, SFP-100-B-a, SFP-100-B-b and SFP-100-C-a, increased the proliferation of spleen cells, all in a dose-dependent manner. Further, SFP-100 could improve the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α in spleen cells, while SFP-100-B, SFP-100-C, SFP-100-B-a and SFP-100-B-b could stimulate the secretion of IFN-γ. Conclusion The crude polysaccharides of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix and their fractions showed a good immunomodulatory activity, which may be related to the clinical use of Sophorae Flavescentis Radix for the anti-HBV and anti-inflammatory therapy.